transformers/docs/source/en/hpo_train.md

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# Hyperparameter search

Hyperparameter search discovers an optimal set of hyperparameters that produces the best model performance. [`Trainer`] supports several hyperparameter search backends - [Optuna](https://optuna.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html), [SigOpt](https://docs.sigopt.com/), [Weights & Biases](https://docs.wandb.ai/), [Ray Tune](https://docs.ray.io/en/latest/tune/index.html) - through  [`~Trainer.hyperparameter_search`] to optimize an objective or even multiple objectives.

This guide will go over how to set up a hyperparameter search for each of the backends.

> [!WARNING]
> [SigOpt](https://github.com/sigopt/sigopt-server) is in public archive mode and is no longer actively maintained. Try using Optuna, Weights & Biases or Ray Tune instead.

```bash
pip install optuna/sigopt/wandb/ray[tune]
```

To use [`~Trainer.hyperparameter_search`], you need to create a `model_init` function. This function includes basic model information (arguments and configuration) because it needs to be reinitialized for each search trial in the run.

> [!WARNING]
> The `model_init` function is incompatible with the [optimizers](./main_classes/trainer#transformers.Trainer.optimizers) parameter. Subclass [`Trainer`] and override the [`~Trainer.create_optimizer_and_scheduler`] method to create a custom optimizer and scheduler.

An example `model_init` function is shown below.

```py
def model_init(trial):
    return AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(
        model_args.model_name_or_path,
        from_tf=bool(".ckpt" in model_args.model_name_or_path),
        config=config,
        cache_dir=model_args.cache_dir,
        revision=model_args.model_revision,
        token=True if model_args.use_auth_token else None,
    )
```

Pass `model_init` to [`Trainer`] along with everything else you need for training. Then you can call [`~Trainer.hyperparameter_search`] to start the search.

[`~Trainer.hyperparameter_search`] accepts a [direction](./main_classes/trainer#transformers.Trainer.hyperparameter_search.direction) parameter to specify whether to minimize, maximize, or minimize and maximize multiple objectives. You'll also need to set the [backend](./main_classes/trainer#transformers.Trainer.hyperparameter_search.backend) you're using, an [object](./main_classes/trainer#transformers.Trainer.hyperparameter_search.hp_space) containing the hyperparameters to optimize for, the [number of trials](./main_classes/trainer#transformers.Trainer.hyperparameter_search.n_trials) to run, and a [compute_objective](./main_classes/trainer#transformers.Trainer.hyperparameter_search.compute_objective) to return the objective values.

> [!TIP]
> If [compute_objective](./main_classes/trainer#transformers.Trainer.hyperparameter_search.compute_objective) isn't defined, the default [compute_objective](./main_classes/trainer#transformers.Trainer.hyperparameter_search.compute_objective) is called which is the sum of an evaluation metric like F1.

```py
from transformers import Trainer

trainer = Trainer(
    model=None,
    args=training_args,
    train_dataset=small_train_dataset,
    eval_dataset=small_eval_dataset,
    compute_metrics=compute_metrics,
    processing_class=tokenizer,
    model_init=model_init,
    data_collator=data_collator,
)
trainer.hyperparameter_search(...)
```

The following examples demonstrate how to perform a hyperparameter search for the learning rate and training batch size using the different backends.

<hfoptions id="backends">
<hfoption id="Optuna">

[Optuna](https://optuna.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tutorial/10_key_features/002_configurations.html#sphx-glr-tutorial-10-key-features-002-configurations-py) optimizes categories, integers, and floats.

```py
def optuna_hp_space(trial):
    return {
        "learning_rate": trial.suggest_float("learning_rate", 1e-6, 1e-4, log=True),
        "per_device_train_batch_size": trial.suggest_categorical("per_device_train_batch_size", [16, 32, 64, 128]),
    }

best_trials = trainer.hyperparameter_search(
    direction=["minimize", "maximize"],
    backend="optuna",
    hp_space=optuna_hp_space,
    n_trials=20,
    compute_objective=compute_objective,
)
```

</hfoption>
<hfoption id="Ray Tune">

[Ray Tune](https://docs.ray.io/en/latest/tune/api/search_space.html) optimizes floats, integers, and categorical parameters. It also offers multiple sampling distributions for each parameter such as uniform and log-uniform.

```py
def ray_hp_space(trial):
    return {
        "learning_rate": tune.loguniform(1e-6, 1e-4),
        "per_device_train_batch_size": tune.choice([16, 32, 64, 128]),
    }

best_trials = trainer.hyperparameter_search( 
    direction=["minimize", "maximize"],
    backend="ray",
    hp_space=ray_hp_space,
    n_trials=20,
    compute_objective=compute_objective,
)
```

</hfoption>
<hfoption id="SigOpt">

[SigOpt](https://docs.sigopt.com/ai-module-api-references/api_reference/objects/object_parameter) optimizes double, integer, and categorical parameters.

```py
def sigopt_hp_space(trial):
    return [
        {"bounds": {"min": 1e-6, "max": 1e-4}, "name": "learning_rate", "type": "double"},
        {
            "categorical_values": ["16", "32", "64", "128"],
            "name": "per_device_train_batch_size",
            "type": "categorical",
        },
    ]

best_trials = trainer.hyperparameter_search( 
    direction=["minimize", "maximize"],
    backend="sigopt",
    hp_space=sigopt_hp_space,
    n_trials=20,
    compute_objective=compute_objective,
)
```

</hfoption>
<hfoption id="Weights & Biases">

[Weights & Biases](https://docs.wandb.ai/guides/sweeps/sweep-config-keys) also optimizes integers, floats, and categorical parameters. It also includes support for different search strategies and distribution options.

```py
def wandb_hp_space(trial):
    return {
        "method": "random",
        "metric": {"name": "objective", "goal": "minimize"},
        "parameters": {
            "learning_rate": {"distribution": "uniform", "min": 1e-6, "max": 1e-4},
            "per_device_train_batch_size": {"values": [16, 32, 64, 128]},
        },
    }

best_trials = trainer.hyperparameter_search( 
    direction=["minimize", "maximize"],
    backend="wandb",
    hp_space=wandb_hp_space,
    n_trials=20,
    compute_objective=compute_objective,
)
```

</hfoption>
</hfoptions>

## Distributed Data Parallel

[`Trainer`] only supports hyperparameter search for distributed data parallel (DDP) on the Optuna and SigOpt backends. Only the rank-zero process is used to generate the search trial, and the resulting parameters are passed along to the other ranks.