#! /usr/bin/env python3 # coding=utf-8 # Copyright (c) 2019 Uber Technologies, Inc. # # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. # You may obtain a copy of the License at # # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and # limitations under the License. """ Example command with bag of words: python run_pplm.py -B space --cond_text "The president" --length 100 --gamma 1.5 --num_iterations 3 --num_samples 10 --stepsize 0.01 --window_length 5 --kl_scale 0.01 --gm_scale 0.95 Example command with discriminator: python run_pplm.py -D sentiment --class_label 3 --cond_text "The lake" --length 10 --gamma 1.0 --num_iterations 30 --num_samples 10 --stepsize 0.01 --kl_scale 0.01 --gm_scale 0.95 """ import argparse import json from operator import add from typing import List, Optional, Tuple, Union import numpy as np import torch from torch import nn from tqdm import trange from pplm_classification_head import ClassificationHead from transformers import GPT2LMHeadModel, GPT2Tokenizer from transformers.file_utils import cached_path PPLM_BOW = 1 PPLM_DISCRIM = 2 PPLM_BOW_DISCRIM = 3 SMALL_CONST = 1e-15 BIG_CONST = 1e10 BAG_OF_WORDS_ARCHIVE_MAP = { "legal": "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/pplm/bow/legal.txt", "military": "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/pplm/bow/military.txt", "politics": "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/pplm/bow/politics.txt", "religion": "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/pplm/bow/religion.txt", "science": "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/pplm/bow/science.txt", "space": "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/pplm/bow/space.txt", "technology": "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/pplm/bow/technology.txt", } DISCRIMINATOR_MODELS_PARAMS = { "clickbait": { "url": "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/pplm/discriminators/clickbait_classifier_head.pt", "class_size": 2, "embed_size": 1024, "class_vocab": {"non_clickbait": 0, "clickbait": 1}, "default_class": 1, "pretrained_model": "gpt2-medium", }, "sentiment": { "url": "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/pplm/discriminators/SST_classifier_head.pt", "class_size": 5, "embed_size": 1024, "class_vocab": {"very_positive": 2, "very_negative": 3}, "default_class": 3, "pretrained_model": "gpt2-medium", }, } def top_k_filter(logits, k, probs=False): """ Masks everything but the k top entries as -infinity (1e10). Used to mask logits such that e^-infinity -> 0 won't contribute to the sum of the denominator. """ if k == 0: return logits else: values = torch.topk(logits, k)[0] batch_mins = values[:, -1].view(-1, 1).expand_as(logits) if probs: return torch.where(logits < batch_mins, torch.ones_like(logits) * 0.0, logits) return torch.where(logits < batch_mins, torch.ones_like(logits) * -BIG_CONST, logits) def perturb_past( past, model, last, unpert_past=None, unpert_logits=None, accumulated_hidden=None, grad_norms=None, stepsize=0.01, one_hot_bows_vectors=None, classifier=None, class_label=None, loss_type=0, num_iterations=3, horizon_length=1, window_length=0, decay=False, gamma=1.5, kl_scale=0.01, device="cuda", ): # Generate inital perturbed past grad_accumulator = [(np.zeros(p.shape).astype("float32")) for p in past] if accumulated_hidden is None: accumulated_hidden = 0 if decay: decay_mask = torch.arange(0.0, 1.0 + SMALL_CONST, 1.0 / (window_length))[1:] else: decay_mask = 1.0 # TODO fix this comment (SUMANTH) # Generate a mask is gradient perturbated is based on a past window _, _, _, curr_length, _ = past[0].shape if curr_length > window_length and window_length > 0: ones_key_val_shape = tuple(past[0].shape[:-2]) + tuple([window_length]) + tuple(past[0].shape[-1:]) zeros_key_val_shape = ( tuple(past[0].shape[:-2]) + tuple([curr_length - window_length]) + tuple(past[0].shape[-1:]) ) ones_mask = torch.ones(ones_key_val_shape) ones_mask = decay_mask * ones_mask.permute(0, 1, 2, 4, 3) ones_mask = ones_mask.permute(0, 1, 2, 4, 3) window_mask = torch.cat((ones_mask, torch.zeros(zeros_key_val_shape)), dim=-2).to(device) else: window_mask = torch.ones_like(past[0]).to(device) # accumulate perturbations for num_iterations loss_per_iter = [] new_accumulated_hidden = None for i in range(num_iterations): print("Iteration ", i + 1) curr_perturbation = [torch.from_numpy(p_).requires_grad_(True).to(device=device) for p_ in grad_accumulator] # make sure p_.grad is not None for p_ in curr_perturbation: p_.retain_grad() # Compute hidden using perturbed past perturbed_past = list(map(add, past, curr_perturbation)) _, _, _, curr_length, _ = curr_perturbation[0].shape lm_output = model(last, past_key_values=perturbed_past) all_logits, all_hidden = lm_output["logits"], lm_output["hidden_states"] hidden = all_hidden[-1] new_accumulated_hidden = accumulated_hidden + torch.sum(hidden, dim=1).detach() # TODO: Check the layer-norm consistency of this with trained discriminator (Sumanth) logits = all_logits[:, -1, :] probs = nn.functional.softmax(logits, dim=-1) loss = 0.0 loss_list = [] if loss_type == PPLM_BOW or loss_type == PPLM_BOW_DISCRIM: for one_hot_bow in one_hot_bows_vectors: bow_logits = torch.mm(probs, torch.t(one_hot_bow)) bow_loss = -torch.log(torch.sum(bow_logits)) loss += bow_loss loss_list.append(bow_loss) print(" pplm_bow_loss:", loss.data.cpu().numpy()) if loss_type == 2 or loss_type == 3: ce_loss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss() # TODO why we need to do this assignment and not just using unpert_past? (Sumanth) curr_unpert_past = unpert_past curr_probs = torch.unsqueeze(probs, dim=1) wte = model.resize_token_embeddings() for _ in range(horizon_length): inputs_embeds = torch.matmul(curr_probs, wte.weight.data) lm_output = model(past_key_values=curr_unpert_past, inputs_embeds=inputs_embeds) curr_all_logits, curr_unpert_past, curr_all_hidden = ( lm_output["logits"], lm_output["past_key_values"], lm_output["hidden_states"], ) curr_logits = curr_all_logits[:, -1, :] curr_probs = nn.functional.softmax(curr_logits, dim=-1) curr_probs = torch.unsqueeze(curr_probs, dim=1) curr_hidden = curr_all_hidden[-1] new_accumulated_hidden = new_accumulated_hidden + torch.sum(curr_hidden, dim=1) prediction = classifier(new_accumulated_hidden / (curr_length + 1 + horizon_length)) label = torch.tensor(prediction.shape[0] * [class_label], device=device, dtype=torch.long) discrim_loss = ce_loss(prediction, label) print(" pplm_discrim_loss:", discrim_loss.data.cpu().numpy()) loss += discrim_loss loss_list.append(discrim_loss) kl_loss = 0.0 if kl_scale > 0.0: unpert_probs = nn.functional.softmax(unpert_logits[:, -1, :], dim=-1) unpert_probs = unpert_probs + SMALL_CONST * (unpert_probs <= SMALL_CONST).float().to(device).detach() correction = SMALL_CONST * (probs <= SMALL_CONST).float().to(device).detach() corrected_probs = probs + correction.detach() kl_loss = kl_scale * ((corrected_probs * (corrected_probs / unpert_probs).log()).sum()) print(" kl_loss", kl_loss.data.cpu().numpy()) loss += kl_loss loss_per_iter.append(loss.data.cpu().numpy()) print(" pplm_loss", (loss - kl_loss).data.cpu().numpy()) # compute gradients loss.backward() # calculate gradient norms if grad_norms is not None and loss_type == PPLM_BOW: grad_norms = [ torch.max(grad_norms[index], torch.norm(p_.grad * window_mask)) for index, p_ in enumerate(curr_perturbation) ] else: grad_norms = [ (torch.norm(p_.grad * window_mask) + SMALL_CONST) for index, p_ in enumerate(curr_perturbation) ] # normalize gradients grad = [ -stepsize * (p_.grad * window_mask / grad_norms[index] ** gamma).data.cpu().numpy() for index, p_ in enumerate(curr_perturbation) ] # accumulate gradient grad_accumulator = list(map(add, grad, grad_accumulator)) # reset gradients, just to make sure for p_ in curr_perturbation: p_.grad.data.zero_() # removing past from the graph new_past = [] for p_ in past: new_past.append(p_.detach()) past = new_past # apply the accumulated perturbations to the past grad_accumulator = [torch.from_numpy(p_).requires_grad_(True).to(device=device) for p_ in grad_accumulator] pert_past = list(map(add, past, grad_accumulator)) return pert_past, new_accumulated_hidden, grad_norms, loss_per_iter def get_classifier( name: Optional[str], class_label: Union[str, int], device: str ) -> Tuple[Optional[ClassificationHead], Optional[int]]: if name is None: return None, None params = DISCRIMINATOR_MODELS_PARAMS[name] classifier = ClassificationHead(class_size=params["class_size"], embed_size=params["embed_size"]).to(device) if "url" in params: resolved_archive_file = cached_path(params["url"]) elif "path" in params: resolved_archive_file = params["path"] else: raise ValueError("Either url or path have to be specified in the discriminator model parameters") classifier.load_state_dict(torch.load(resolved_archive_file, map_location=device)) classifier.eval() if isinstance(class_label, str): if class_label in params["class_vocab"]: label_id = params["class_vocab"][class_label] else: label_id = params["default_class"] print("class_label {} not in class_vocab".format(class_label)) print("available values are: {}".format(params["class_vocab"])) print("using default class {}".format(label_id)) elif isinstance(class_label, int): if class_label in set(params["class_vocab"].values()): label_id = class_label else: label_id = params["default_class"] print("class_label {} not in class_vocab".format(class_label)) print("available values are: {}".format(params["class_vocab"])) print("using default class {}".format(label_id)) else: label_id = params["default_class"] return classifier, label_id def get_bag_of_words_indices(bag_of_words_ids_or_paths: List[str], tokenizer) -> List[List[List[int]]]: bow_indices = [] for id_or_path in bag_of_words_ids_or_paths: if id_or_path in BAG_OF_WORDS_ARCHIVE_MAP: filepath = cached_path(BAG_OF_WORDS_ARCHIVE_MAP[id_or_path]) else: filepath = id_or_path with open(filepath, "r") as f: words = f.read().strip().split("\n") bow_indices.append([tokenizer.encode(word.strip(), add_prefix_space=True) for word in words]) return bow_indices def build_bows_one_hot_vectors(bow_indices, tokenizer, device="cuda"): if bow_indices is None: return None one_hot_bows_vectors = [] for single_bow in bow_indices: single_bow = list(filter(lambda x: len(x) <= 1, single_bow)) single_bow = torch.tensor(single_bow).to(device) num_words = single_bow.shape[0] one_hot_bow = torch.zeros(num_words, tokenizer.vocab_size).to(device) one_hot_bow.scatter_(1, single_bow, 1) one_hot_bows_vectors.append(one_hot_bow) return one_hot_bows_vectors def full_text_generation( model, tokenizer, context=None, num_samples=1, device="cuda", bag_of_words=None, discrim=None, class_label=None, length=100, stepsize=0.02, temperature=1.0, top_k=10, sample=False, num_iterations=3, grad_length=10000, horizon_length=1, window_length=0, decay=False, gamma=1.5, gm_scale=0.9, kl_scale=0.01, repetition_penalty=1.0, **kwargs ): classifier, class_id = get_classifier(discrim, class_label, device) bow_indices = [] if bag_of_words: bow_indices = get_bag_of_words_indices(bag_of_words.split(";"), tokenizer) if bag_of_words and classifier: print("Both PPLM-BoW and PPLM-Discrim are on. This is not optimized.") loss_type = PPLM_BOW_DISCRIM elif bag_of_words: loss_type = PPLM_BOW print("Using PPLM-BoW") elif classifier is not None: loss_type = PPLM_DISCRIM print("Using PPLM-Discrim") else: raise Exception("Specify either a bag of words or a discriminator") unpert_gen_tok_text, _, _ = generate_text_pplm( model=model, tokenizer=tokenizer, context=context, device=device, length=length, sample=sample, perturb=False, repetition_penalty=repetition_penalty, ) if device == "cuda": torch.cuda.empty_cache() pert_gen_tok_texts = [] discrim_losses = [] losses_in_time = [] for i in range(num_samples): pert_gen_tok_text, discrim_loss, loss_in_time = generate_text_pplm( model=model, tokenizer=tokenizer, context=context, device=device, perturb=True, bow_indices=bow_indices, classifier=classifier, class_label=class_id, loss_type=loss_type, length=length, stepsize=stepsize, temperature=temperature, top_k=top_k, sample=sample, num_iterations=num_iterations, grad_length=grad_length, horizon_length=horizon_length, window_length=window_length, decay=decay, gamma=gamma, gm_scale=gm_scale, kl_scale=kl_scale, repetition_penalty=repetition_penalty, ) pert_gen_tok_texts.append(pert_gen_tok_text) if classifier is not None: discrim_losses.append(discrim_loss.data.cpu().numpy()) losses_in_time.append(loss_in_time) if device == "cuda": torch.cuda.empty_cache() return unpert_gen_tok_text, pert_gen_tok_texts, discrim_losses, losses_in_time def generate_text_pplm( model, tokenizer, context=None, past=None, device="cuda", perturb=True, bow_indices=None, classifier=None, class_label=None, loss_type=0, length=100, stepsize=0.02, temperature=1.0, top_k=10, sample=False, num_iterations=3, grad_length=10000, horizon_length=1, window_length=0, decay=False, gamma=1.5, gm_scale=0.9, kl_scale=0.01, repetition_penalty=1.0, ): output_so_far = None if context: context_t = torch.tensor(context, device=device, dtype=torch.long) while len(context_t.shape) < 2: context_t = context_t.unsqueeze(0) output_so_far = context_t # collect one hot vectors for bags of words one_hot_bows_vectors = build_bows_one_hot_vectors(bow_indices, tokenizer, device) grad_norms = None last = None unpert_discrim_loss = 0 loss_in_time = [] for i in trange(length, ascii=True): # Get past/probs for current output, except for last word # Note that GPT takes 2 inputs: past + current_token # run model forward to obtain unperturbed if past is None and output_so_far is not None: last = output_so_far[:, -1:] if output_so_far.shape[1] > 1: past = model(output_so_far[:, :-1])["past_key_values"] lm_output = model(output_so_far) unpert_logits, unpert_past, unpert_all_hidden = ( lm_output["logits"], lm_output["past_key_values"], lm_output["hidden_states"], ) unpert_last_hidden = unpert_all_hidden[-1] # check if we are abowe grad max length if i >= grad_length: current_stepsize = stepsize * 0 else: current_stepsize = stepsize # modify the past if necessary if not perturb or num_iterations == 0: pert_past = past else: accumulated_hidden = unpert_last_hidden[:, :-1, :] accumulated_hidden = torch.sum(accumulated_hidden, dim=1) if past is not None: pert_past, _, grad_norms, loss_this_iter = perturb_past( past, model, last, unpert_past=unpert_past, unpert_logits=unpert_logits, accumulated_hidden=accumulated_hidden, grad_norms=grad_norms, stepsize=current_stepsize, one_hot_bows_vectors=one_hot_bows_vectors, classifier=classifier, class_label=class_label, loss_type=loss_type, num_iterations=num_iterations, horizon_length=horizon_length, window_length=window_length, decay=decay, gamma=gamma, kl_scale=kl_scale, device=device, ) loss_in_time.append(loss_this_iter) else: pert_past = past lm_output = model(last, past_key_values=pert_past) pert_logits, past = ( lm_output["logits"], lm_output["past_key_values"], ) pert_logits = pert_logits[:, -1, :] / temperature # + SMALL_CONST for token_idx in set(output_so_far[0].tolist()): if pert_logits[0, token_idx] < 0: pert_logits[0, token_idx] *= repetition_penalty else: pert_logits[0, token_idx] /= repetition_penalty pert_probs = nn.functional.softmax(pert_logits, dim=-1) if classifier is not None: ce_loss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss() prediction = classifier(torch.mean(unpert_last_hidden, dim=1)) label = torch.tensor([class_label], device=device, dtype=torch.long) unpert_discrim_loss = ce_loss(prediction, label) print("unperturbed discrim loss", unpert_discrim_loss.data.cpu().numpy()) else: unpert_discrim_loss = 0 # Fuse the modified model and original model if perturb: unpert_probs = nn.functional.softmax(unpert_logits[:, -1, :], dim=-1) pert_probs = (pert_probs ** gm_scale) * (unpert_probs ** (1 - gm_scale)) # + SMALL_CONST pert_probs = top_k_filter(pert_probs, k=top_k, probs=True) # + SMALL_CONST # rescale if torch.sum(pert_probs) <= 1: pert_probs = pert_probs / torch.sum(pert_probs) else: pert_logits = top_k_filter(pert_logits, k=top_k) # + SMALL_CONST pert_probs = nn.functional.softmax(pert_logits, dim=-1) # sample or greedy if sample: last = torch.multinomial(pert_probs, num_samples=1) else: _, last = torch.topk(pert_probs, k=1, dim=-1) # update context/output_so_far appending the new token output_so_far = last if output_so_far is None else torch.cat((output_so_far, last), dim=1) print(tokenizer.decode(output_so_far.tolist()[0])) return output_so_far, unpert_discrim_loss, loss_in_time def set_generic_model_params(discrim_weights, discrim_meta): if discrim_weights is None: raise ValueError("When using a generic discriminator, discrim_weights need to be specified") if discrim_meta is None: raise ValueError("When using a generic discriminator, discrim_meta need to be specified") with open(discrim_meta, "r") as discrim_meta_file: meta = json.load(discrim_meta_file) meta["path"] = discrim_weights DISCRIMINATOR_MODELS_PARAMS["generic"] = meta def run_pplm_example( pretrained_model="gpt2-medium", cond_text="", uncond=False, num_samples=1, bag_of_words=None, discrim=None, discrim_weights=None, discrim_meta=None, class_label=-1, length=100, stepsize=0.02, temperature=1.0, top_k=10, sample=False, num_iterations=3, grad_length=10000, horizon_length=1, window_length=0, decay=False, gamma=1.5, gm_scale=0.9, kl_scale=0.01, seed=0, no_cuda=False, colorama=False, repetition_penalty=1.0, ): # set Random seed torch.manual_seed(seed) np.random.seed(seed) # set the device device = "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() and not no_cuda else "cpu" if discrim == "generic": set_generic_model_params(discrim_weights, discrim_meta) if discrim is not None: pretrained_model = DISCRIMINATOR_MODELS_PARAMS[discrim]["pretrained_model"] print("discrim = {}, pretrained_model set to discriminator's = {}".format(discrim, pretrained_model)) # load pretrained model model = GPT2LMHeadModel.from_pretrained(pretrained_model, output_hidden_states=True) model.to(device) model.eval() # load tokenizer tokenizer = GPT2Tokenizer.from_pretrained(pretrained_model) # Freeze GPT-2 weights for param in model.parameters(): param.requires_grad = False # figure out conditioning text if uncond: tokenized_cond_text = tokenizer.encode([tokenizer.bos_token]) else: raw_text = cond_text while not raw_text: print("Did you forget to add `--cond_text`? ") raw_text = input("Model prompt >>> ") tokenized_cond_text = tokenizer.encode(tokenizer.bos_token + raw_text) print("= Prefix of sentence =") print(tokenizer.decode(tokenized_cond_text)) print() # generate unperturbed and perturbed texts # full_text_generation returns: # unpert_gen_tok_text, pert_gen_tok_texts, discrim_losses, losses_in_time unpert_gen_tok_text, pert_gen_tok_texts, _, _ = full_text_generation( model=model, tokenizer=tokenizer, context=tokenized_cond_text, device=device, num_samples=num_samples, bag_of_words=bag_of_words, discrim=discrim, class_label=class_label, length=length, stepsize=stepsize, temperature=temperature, top_k=top_k, sample=sample, num_iterations=num_iterations, grad_length=grad_length, horizon_length=horizon_length, window_length=window_length, decay=decay, gamma=gamma, gm_scale=gm_scale, kl_scale=kl_scale, repetition_penalty=repetition_penalty, ) # untokenize unperturbed text unpert_gen_text = tokenizer.decode(unpert_gen_tok_text.tolist()[0]) print("=" * 80) print("= Unperturbed generated text =") print(unpert_gen_text) print() generated_texts = [] bow_word_ids = set() if bag_of_words and colorama: bow_indices = get_bag_of_words_indices(bag_of_words.split(";"), tokenizer) for single_bow_list in bow_indices: # filtering all words in the list composed of more than 1 token filtered = list(filter(lambda x: len(x) <= 1, single_bow_list)) # w[0] because we are sure w has only 1 item because previous fitler bow_word_ids.update(w[0] for w in filtered) # iterate through the perturbed texts for i, pert_gen_tok_text in enumerate(pert_gen_tok_texts): try: # untokenize unperturbed text if colorama: import colorama pert_gen_text = "" for word_id in pert_gen_tok_text.tolist()[0]: if word_id in bow_word_ids: pert_gen_text += "{}{}{}".format( colorama.Fore.RED, tokenizer.decode([word_id]), colorama.Style.RESET_ALL, ) else: pert_gen_text += tokenizer.decode([word_id]) else: pert_gen_text = tokenizer.decode(pert_gen_tok_text.tolist()[0]) print("= Perturbed generated text {} =".format(i + 1)) print(pert_gen_text) print() except Exception as exc: print("Ignoring error while generating perturbed text:", exc) # keep the prefix, perturbed seq, original seq for each index generated_texts.append((tokenized_cond_text, pert_gen_tok_text, unpert_gen_tok_text)) return if __name__ == "__main__": parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() parser.add_argument( "--pretrained_model", "-M", type=str, default="gpt2-medium", help="pretrained model name or path to local checkpoint", ) parser.add_argument("--cond_text", type=str, default="The lake", help="Prefix texts to condition on") parser.add_argument("--uncond", action="store_true", help="Generate from end-of-text as prefix") parser.add_argument( "--num_samples", type=int, default=1, help="Number of samples to generate from the modified latents", ) parser.add_argument( "--bag_of_words", "-B", type=str, default=None, help=( "Bags of words used for PPLM-BoW. " "Either a BOW id (see list in code) or a filepath. " "Multiple BoWs separated by ;" ), ) parser.add_argument( "--discrim", "-D", type=str, default=None, choices=("clickbait", "sentiment", "toxicity", "generic"), help="Discriminator to use", ) parser.add_argument( "--discrim_weights", type=str, default=None, help="Weights for the generic discriminator", ) parser.add_argument( "--discrim_meta", type=str, default=None, help="Meta information for the generic discriminator", ) parser.add_argument( "--class_label", type=int, default=-1, help="Class label used for the discriminator", ) parser.add_argument("--length", type=int, default=100) parser.add_argument("--stepsize", type=float, default=0.02) parser.add_argument("--temperature", type=float, default=1.0) parser.add_argument("--top_k", type=int, default=10) parser.add_argument("--sample", action="store_true", help="Generate from end-of-text as prefix") parser.add_argument("--num_iterations", type=int, default=3) parser.add_argument("--grad_length", type=int, default=10000) parser.add_argument( "--window_length", type=int, default=0, help="Length of past which is being optimized; 0 corresponds to infinite window length", ) parser.add_argument( "--horizon_length", type=int, default=1, help="Length of future to optimize over", ) parser.add_argument("--decay", action="store_true", help="whether to decay or not") parser.add_argument("--gamma", type=float, default=1.5) parser.add_argument("--gm_scale", type=float, default=0.9) parser.add_argument("--kl_scale", type=float, default=0.01) parser.add_argument("--seed", type=int, default=0) parser.add_argument("--no_cuda", action="store_true", help="no cuda") parser.add_argument("--colorama", action="store_true", help="colors keywords") parser.add_argument( "--repetition_penalty", type=float, default=1.0, help="Penalize repetition. More than 1.0 -> less repetition", ) args = parser.parse_args() run_pplm_example(**vars(args))